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Question: Reflect on what behaviour is and utilise one of the theories of behaviour that you have been introduced to in the unit to date. Answer: Introduction Behavior, in general sense refers to the way one behaves in certain environment. However, an individuals behavior depends on several factors including psychological and physical. In particular, the variations in childrens behavior are a result of a number of factors. Children have the tendency to observe and follow the behavior of the people around them especially elders (Smith, Cowie Blades, 2015). The given essay focuses on the behavior of children particularly in learning environment. Further, it elaborates on the assumption that children with limited capability to interact with their peers, self-regulation and holding on to learning tasks are at danger for school difficulties. The essay also gives a description of behavior as defined by the socio-cultural theorists. In addition, the essay formulates the reasons for childrens behavior as mentioned in the quote with proper reference to the selected theory. Defining behavior According to the socio-cultural theory, human behavior is defined by the cultural environment and interactions with the society. Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky, the father of socio-culturalism believed that a childs cognitive process and his perception of the world are shaped by the way he interacts with the world. He also stated that the means by which children learn and grow differs in different cultures and is often explicit to each individual culture. Further, he claimed that even as each culture may have unique cognitive processes, the manner in which they are passed on from one generation to the other is mostly similar. According to Vygotsky, children can be taught through three methods- imitative learning, collaborative learning and instructed learning (Gl?veanu Tanggaard, 2014). One of the central aspects of his findings is that older people like teachers and elder brothers or sisters have an influence on childrens learning of behavior and cognitive abilities. They can make use of any of the three learning methods to teach children. Children adapt certain behaviors through learning as already mentioned. Socio-cultural theory has received wider acceptance in defining behavioral norms amongst children in particular. Shaffer and Kipp, (2013) delved upon Vygotskys socio-cultural theory and argued that the theory encompasses not only the psychological influence but also the influence of social interactions of behavior of children. The theories of Vygotsky and other socio-culturalists could be incorporated into the classroom learning system in order to evaluate childrens behavior. Classroom behavior differs from the behavior children demonstrate at home or in any other place. Introvert children may not openly communicate with teachers or their peers, as would extrovert children. The teacher has to understand specific behaviors of each student and apply skills accordingly. Behavior as a socio-cultural construct To delve deeper into the concept of behavior as a socio-cultural construct, one has to understand first, the concept of socio-cultural construct. Social construction according to its proponents is a theoretical perception that discovers the means by which reality is conferred in daily life through communications made by people and during sets of conversation. Thus, socio-cultural construct may be defined as the perspective that maintains that reality is constructed through social and cultural interactions. In addition, it may also mean that behaviors are shaped by the varying socio-cultural constructs people live in. Behavior is defined by the realities experienced by people in their lives. Realities come from the popular social and cultural discourses that define how people live. Perceived through the realms of reality based on experience, behavior is shaped by the experiences each individual receives throughout life. Cultures across ages have had either positive or negative impact on the behavior of children. The attitude or behavior of a child depends on the dominance of the culture he or she belongs to, in the society. A child coming from a religion-dominated culture would be reluctant to engage in behavior that permits disrespect of elders or even being friendly. Similarly, a child hailing from western culture would be more open-minded and not bounded by the family or community. To a child, these experiences begin as cognitive, and then take the form of social and cultural. Schools play an important role in shaping a childs behavior. The basic structuring of a childs behavior begins at school because it is the first place where children from varying cultures and social backgrounds come together to learn. It is thus extremely important for the teachers to understand the requirements of each student and their behavioral pattern. It is an established fact that every classroom will have children who demonstrate aggressive, repulsive, dominant and opposite behaviors. An understanding of the psychological factors could assist understanding the reasons behind a childs differing behavior. The emergence of social constructionism and its blending with culture formulated a new field of study for behavior- the socio-cultural constructionist theory. Before the arrival of this theory, an individuals growth is not dependent on group culture. Hence, a childs behavior as he grows, according to the previous theory, is independent of the culture that he grows up. Socio-cultural constructionist theory rejected this view and argued that social and cultural interactions are the basis of an individuals growth. Reasons for students behavior in classrooms "The evidence is unequivocal children who have difficulty regulating their emotions, paying attention, initiating peer interactions and sustaining engagement in learning tasks are at risk for school difficulties (Bulotsky-Shearer, Dominguez Bell, 2012, p. 421). The above quote demonstrates different student behaviors in a learning environment. Many children face problems controlling their emotions. It means there are some children who lose patience easily and be aggressive (Kahu, 2013). In addition, some children do not have the capacity to demonstrate patience in escalating situations. Some are there who display stubborn behavior when asked to do something. All these relate to the lack of childrens ability to control their emotions. Regulating emotions for children is although difficult, but extremely essential. It helps them to develop the capability to think beneficially about the self. Children must possess feelings and emotions but not be overpowered by those. Some theorists argue that children can be made able to regulate their emotions through improved cognitive processes (Lewis Mitchell, 2014). Others accentuate on the significance of setting limits and presenting children with opportunities to rehearse restraint. However, studies have revealed that when children are allowed to express their feelings and they are confident that they will be heard, they most efficiently learn to adjust their emotions (Roberton, Daffern Bucks, 2012). Another problem identified in children in learning environment is their lack of attentiveness. Many children struggle to pay attention in class that result in poor academic performance amongst other downfalls. This deficiency of children has been labeled as the ADHD syndrome meaning attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Children with ADHD tend to display these symptoms of paying less attention and being hyperactive in most situations (Asherson et al, 2012). However, this disability of children can also be understood from the socio-cultural perspective. psychologists and theorists belonging to different fields have found that the incapacity of students to pay attention in class is a social and cultural construct. The symptom differs between students coming from different cultural backgrounds. Apart from culture, social institutions like family and community also play a role in influencing the childs inattentive behavior. Children behaving in an immature way are natural, but the ma nner in which their immaturity is perceived and comprehended is linked to cultural factors. These factors include loss of support from family, blaming the mother for childs disability, collapse of morality in adults, busy parents, and pressure of the capitalist economy that demands individuality. The above quote then identifies another behavioral pattern amongst students, which is a peer interaction. The problem here is the inability of children to commence peer interactions. Interacting with peers is something every child looks forward to but does not have the capacity or understanding to begin a conversation (Blatchford, Pellegrini Baines, 2015). Peer interaction is very important for not only the parents and teachers but for the child (Development, Shonkoff Phillips, 2017). It is necessary to know which path the child walks in future and for the child as it indicates their worth, competence and an understanding of the world. Theorists however assert that initiating an interaction is not easy for a child. It requires the child to face the increasing demands of poignant and cognitive capabilities. McCormick et al., (2014) outline the low-income background of families as reasons for children with the inability to interact with peers. According to them, children coming from low-income families are not prepared for social interactions when they enter school. This is because low-income families do not get the time and the opportunity for social interactions, as these families are not stable and are always psychologically unstable having to look after their children and family without economic backup. Classroom interactions might help these students to improve their social skills and establish a good rapport with their peers enabling them to succeed further (Black Fernando, 2014). Conclusion It thus can be said that behavior of children in learning environment can be better understood from the perspective of the socio-cultural theory. Society and culture undoubtedly have an all-encompassing effect on the behavior of a child. The essay highlights the arguments and reasons for approaching this behavior problem of students through the socio-cultural theory. Further, behavior has been defined as per the theory. In addition to it, the theory has been applied to provide reasons for the behavioral problems identified in the quote. Other perspectives have been mentioned as well to compare and establish that the chosen theory is apt to understand behavior problem amongst students in learning environment. References: Asherson, P., Akehurst, R., Kooij, J. S., Huss, M., Beusterien, K., Sasan, R., ... Hodgkins, P. (2012). Under diagnosis of adult ADHD: cultural influences and societal burden.Journal of Attention Disorders,16(5_suppl), 20S-38S. Black, D. S., Fernando, R. (2014). Mindfulness training and classroom behavior among lower-income and ethnic minority elementary school children.Journal of child and family studies,23(7), 1242-1246. Blatchford, P., Pellegrini, A. D., Baines, E. (2015).The child at school: Interactions with peers and teachers. Routledge. Bulotsky-Shearer, R. J., Dominguez, X., Bell, E. R. (2012). Preschool classroom behavioral context and school readiness outcomes for low-income children: A multilevel examination of child-and classroom-level influences.Journal of Educational Psychology,104(2), 421. Development, N., Shonkoff, J., Phillips, D. (2017).Making Friends and Getting Along with Peers.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 17 November 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK225544/ Gl?veanu, V. P., Tanggaard, L. (2014). Creativity, identity, and representation: Towards a socio-cultural theory of creative identity.New Ideas in Psychology,34, 12-21. Kahu, E. R. (2013). Framing student engagement in higher education.Studies in higher education,38(5), 758-773. Lewis, C., Mitchell, P. (2014).Children's early understanding of mind: Origins and development. Psychology Press. McCormick, M. P., Turbeville, A. R., Barnes, S. P., McClowry, S. G. (2014). Challenging temperament, teacherchild relationships, and behavior problems in urban low-income children: A longitudinal examination.Early Education and Development,25(8), 1198-1218. Roberton, T., Daffern, M., Bucks, R. S. (2012). Emotion regulation and aggression.Aggression and violent behavior,17(1), 72-82. Shaffer, D. R., Kipp, K. (2013).Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence. Cengage Learning. Smith, P. K., Cowie, H., Blades, M. (2015).Understanding children's development. John Wiley Sons